Blocks

These pages cover the built-in catalog and the editor’s Control Sum. Each one gives a block’s:

• behavior
• equation
• port types
• parameters
• example

In equations, n = 0 is the first sample and dt is the block’s step interval in seconds. Time examples assume a constant dt. T denotes a signal type; each page states its supported types. ZERO is the zero value of that type. Decimal results are shown without floating-point rounding noise.

Topology

Block	Purpose
Model	Group a diagram behind an input/output interface.
Input	Receive a value from the model’s caller.
Output	Return a value to the model’s caller.
Unit Delay	Return the previous input sample.
Field	Extract a composite field.
Pack	Build a composite from its fields.

Signal generators

Block	Purpose
Constant	Output a fixed value.
Sine Wave	Generate a sinusoidal signal.
Step	Change value at a configured time.
Ramp	Rise or fall linearly after a start time.
Pulse	Generate a rectangular pulse train.

Math operations

Block	Purpose
Gain	Multiply by a fixed factor.
Sum	Add or subtract inputs.
Control Sum	Place signed inputs around a circular sum.
Product	Multiply two inputs.
Divide	Divide one input by another.
Abs	Remove a number’s sign.
Sqrt	Compute the square root.
Sin, Cos	Apply a trigonometric function to an input.
Sign	Return −1, 0, or 1.
Min, Max	Select the smaller or larger value.
Saturation	Clamp to a range.
Dead Zone	Suppress values within an interval.
Rate Limiter	Limit the output’s rate of change.
Lookup (4 pt)	Interpolate four breakpoints.
Integrator	Accumulate a signal over time.
Derivative	Estimate a signal’s rate of change.
IIR Filter	Apply a second-order recursive filter.
PID	Combine proportional, integral, and derivative control.

Vector operations

Block	Purpose
Mux	Build an array from one signal per element.
Index	Read one element of an array.
Cross Product	Multiply two 3-vectors to a third.
Dot Product	Reduce two arrays to their inner product.
Norm	Measure an array’s Euclidean length.
Element Product	Multiply two arrays element by element.

Logical operations

Block	Purpose
Greater Than, Greater Equal	Compare against an upper value.
Less Than, Less Equal	Compare against a lower value.
Equal To, Not Equal	Test exact equality or inequality.
And	Require both inputs to be true.
Or	Require at least one true input.
Xor	Require exactly one true input.
Not	Invert a Boolean.
Bool to Float	Map false/true to 0/1.
Float to Bool	Test whether a value is nonzero.
Relay	Switch between two values with hysteresis.
Switch	Select between two signals using a threshold.